Case Studies:
Case sub-title El Imposible National Park -watershed warden sponsoring Water users in two communities of the San Francisco Menendez Municipality are contributing a share of their water charges to cover the salary of two additional park rangers of the El Imposible National Park, the primary water source for both communities. Pilot, ongoing since 2001. Demand driven - water users initiated payments. SupplyGovernment ,as park owner. SalvaNatura, the NGO in charge of managing the park (through a co-management agreement with the government) works with the communities around the park to provide alternatives for the forest resources that are now off-limits. Its funding originates from international donors and corporations, as well as membership of national individuals and businesses. Activities developed by SalvaNatura in El Imposible
http://www.nps.gov/centralamerica/salvador/ DemandDomestic water users in (the local communities of Conacastes and Cara Sucia) agree to pay 54 colones (US$6.05) monthly to cover the costs of administration, operation and maintenance of the improved water supply system - this fee also covers the salary of two wardens of the National Park. IntermediaryLocal government (municipal water utility company): collects the water use fees transferred to the El Imposible National Park. FacilitatorThe drinking water systems and organization of community water boards were set up by the local communities, the Health Promotion through Water and Sanitation Project (PROSAGUAS), the Action, Management and Rational Use of Water Resources Project (AGUA) and support agencies. These water systems were then transferred to the communities under the agreement that the community's water use fees would also cover the salary of a '“watershed warden” in El Imposible National Park "in recognition of the environmental service of “water protection” provided by the park"'. Rosa et al 2003.ServiceWater flow and quality CommodityConservation and protection of existing ecosystems through the support of the park's conservation measures, by sponsoring additional monitoring and enforcement. Payment mechanismUser fees & pooled transaction - payments made to cover the operation, maintenance and administration of the water supply system, including the salary of two park guards to act as watershed wardens. Terms of paymentWater users make cash payments: 54 colones (US$6.05) monthly per user, a part of which is invested in the park’s surveillance system, in order to support its effective protection (the park has 1 warden for each 150ha). Funds involvedWater users pay approximately US$ 612,000 annually (since 2001) , a share of which is to cover the salaries of the park wardens- unclear what share this constitutes. An estimation may be drawn from a parallel scheme, run by Salvanatura, through which the public can sponsor a park ranger (or one hectare of the park) for a year, at a cost of US$ 3,000/year (http://www.salvanatura.org/Guarda.html )Water users (8,500) agree to pay 54 colones (US$6.05) monthly [(US$6x12monthsx 8,500 users] = US$ 612,000. Analysis of costs and benefits EconomicNo information EnvironmentalExpected: increased protection of water resources, through the additional work by the two extra park rangers. However, it is difficult to determine whether this is a significant benefit in terms of water supply received by these two communities. SocialEquity: "From the perspective of equity, the case is controversial because poor rural communities are paying for environmental services generated in a national park." Rosa et al (2003)Payments support government national park system; ii) there is a Forest Use Decree that prohibits cutting any vegetation, hunting any species and establishing or developing physical infrastructure. The PES contribution aims particularly at strengthening the park’s surveillance capacity . Herrador 2002 (cited in Rosa et al. 2003) states that most water users are not aware that the wage of the warden comes from their water use fees "because only the projects' representatives and members of both systems' governing boards participated in the negotiation of the agreement." No information available http://www.salvanatura.org/contactenos.html Rosa, H. Kandel S. Dimas L. with contributions from Cuellar N. and Mendez E. 2003. Compensation for environmental services and rural communities: Lessons from the Americas and key issues for strengthening community strategies. San Salvador, El Salvador, Fundacion PRISMA – The Salvadoran Research Programme on Development and Environment. CSA- compensation por servicios ambientales. http://www.prisma.org.sv/pubs/CES_RC_En.pdf SalvaNatura website: www.salvanatura.org www.nps.gov/centralamerica/salvador |
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